Medical Disclaimer

Updates in Medicine provides educational content for doctors and medical professionals. Articles support learning and clinical judgement; they do not provide advice for an individual patient.

Clinical decisions require assessment of the patient, current evidence, applicable local guidance and the clinician’s professional judgement.

Medical evidence and recommendations may change. Please use the source links and references in each article to read the original publications and check for later updates.

Discussing a guideline, statement or research paper does not imply that its issuing organisation endorses Updates in Medicine.